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Johann Wilhelm Schwedler (23 June 1823, Berlin – 9 June 1894, Berlin) was a German civil engineer and civil servant who designed many bridges and public buildings and invented the Schwedler truss and the Schwedler cupola. ==Life and career== Schwedler was the son of a cabinetmaker who died when he was still in school; his brother, already a construction supervisor, made it possible for him to finish his education at the City Trade School in 1842.〔August Hertwig, ''Leben und Schaffen der Reichsbahn-Brückenbauer Schwedler, Zimmermann, Labes, Schaper: Eine kurze Entwicklungsgeschichte des Brückenbaues'', West Berlin: Ernst, 1950, p. 9 〕 After a further required examination in Latin to complete the equivalent of a lower-level ''Gymnasium'' education, he spent the next ten years training as a surveyor, studying for examinations in that and in road construction, studying for a year at the Berlin Academy of Construction, and completing the examinations to be a certified building inspector and construction supervisor. One of his practical examinations was waived after he won the international competition to design a road and rail bridge across the Rhine between Cologne and Deutz.〔Hertwig, pp. 9-10, 13.〕 He was then required to leave on his ''Wanderjahre'' as a journeyman; he did so with his new wife, the daughter of a teacher and organist in Buckow, whom he had met through their shared love of music and become engaged to 6 years before.〔Hertwig, p. 14.〕 Schwedler began publishing in engineering before he completed his training, beginning with ''Über die statischen Prinzipien der Konstruktion eiserner Dachgebinde über weite Räume und die Entwicklung der Konstruktionssysteme aus demselben'' (1846). His "Theorie der Brückenbalkensysteme", published in the first year of the ''Zeitschrift für Bauwesen'' (1851), had a revolutionary impact on the construction of steel bridges.〔Hertwig, pp. 10, 13.〕 But during his journeyman years he did not publish, concentrating instead on building. The City of Cologne employed him to build a stone bridge over the Sieg. He then supervised the first stage of construction of the railway between Cologne and Gießen. In 1848, Barmen, now part of Wuppertal, invited him to become its superintendent of construction, but he instead with some reluctance returned to Berlin to take a post in the Division of Construction of the Prussian Ministry of Trade.〔 He spent the remainder of his career as a civil servant, becoming chief engineer for the Royal Prussian Railways and during a period of rapid expansion: between 1860 and 1890 the Prussian railway system grew from less than 5,800 km of rails to more than 26,300 km, from approximately 600 stations to 4,200, and numerous rivers and valleys were bridged for both railways and roads.〔Hertwig, pp. 20-21, quoting Otto Sarrazin, a colleague of his.〕 During that time he oversaw in some manner every major piece of construction in Prussia and subsequently the German Empire.〔Jan Knippers, "Ingenieurporträt: Johann Wilhelm Schwedler: Vom Experiment zur Berechnung", ''Deutsche Bauzeitung'', 20 March 2000, pp. 105-10 ((pdf )) p. 110 〕 In 1868 he was promoted to ''Geheimer Baurat'' and became the highest ranking construction employee in the Prussian Civil Service. He also returned to publishing, developing with Friedrich August von Pauli, Johann Caspar Harkort, and Heinrich Gottfried Gerber a complete theory and praxis of steel construction;〔Hertwig, p. 15.〕 his ''Theorie der Brückenbalken-Systeme'', volume 1 (1862)〔Petros P. Xanthakos, ''Theory and Design of Bridges'', New York, Wiley: 1994, (p. 3. )〕 and ''Resultate über die Konstruktion der eisernen Brücken'' (1865)〔 were particularly influential. Shortly after his return to Berlin, he became an instructor at the Academy of Construction, and after 1864 he was an examiner there; his teaching greatly improved the training in the field.〔Hertwig, p. 20.〕 He was on the editorial board of the ''Zeitschrift für Bauwesen'' for many years. Schwedler had three daughters and a son; however, his youngest daughter and his son died in 1863 and 1864, and his wife in 1867 after a long decline.〔 He remarried, but his second wife died in 1892. In 1891, he had had to retire because of poor health; 3,500 fellow engineers signed a farewell testament praising his accomplishments. He died in 1894 after being housebound for several years.〔Hertwig, pp. 26-27.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Johann Wilhelm Schwedler」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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